ABSTRACT
Purpose: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface. It showed an increased incidence during the pandemic situation, which may be due to long hours of exposure to electronic gadgets. We aimed to find the prevalence of dry eye disease among medical students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic and pre?pandemic periods. Methods: This was a cross?sectional study conducted in a tertiary care teaching institute. This was an institution?based, cross?sectional study conducted among medical students. A modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to find the severity and prevalence of dry eye disease. Considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and prevalence as 50%, the calculated sample size was 271. Online responses were collected and entered in an Excel sheet. The Chi?square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data were collected from 271 medical students; the prevalence of dry eye disease was 41.5 and 55.19 during the pre?pandemic and pandemic periods, respectively. There was a significant rise in dry eye disease cases during the pandemic when compared to pre?pandemic period (P < 0.05). The odds of getting dry eye disease were 1.7 times more during the pandemic than pre?pandemic. Conclusion: The lockdown situation during the pandemic forced people to use electronic gadgets for work, recreation, and academics. Prolonged screen time predisposes to the development of dry eye disease
ABSTRACT
Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.
Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Agaricales/classification , Agaricales/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Abstract Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.
Resumo Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.
Resumo Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Agaricales , Spores, Fungal , Brazil , EcosystemABSTRACT
Preventing the replication of adenovirus could have practical uses, such as controlling infection with wild-type virus or in applications involving recombinant vectors. Mainly transient methods have been used to inhibit adenovirus replication, including siRNA or drugs. Here, we tested whether stable expression of shRNA designed to target hexon, Iva2, or pol can inhibit the replication of a recombinant adenoviral vector, Ad-LacZ (serotype 5, E1/E3 deleted), in 293T cells. Significant knockdown correlating with reduced Ad-LacZ replication was achieved only when hexon was targeted. Cell sorting and isolation of cellular clones further accentuated knockdown of the hexon transcript, reduced protein levels by more than 90%, and diminished adenovirus production. As visualized by transmission electron microscopy, the cellular clone expressing the hexon-specific shRNA yielded 89.2% fewer particles compared to the parental 293T cells. Full scale production followed by purification revealed a 90.2% reduction in Ad-LacZ biological titer. These results support the notion that stable expression of shRNA can be used as a means to control adenovirus replication.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Intratumoral similarities and differences between large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) and small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) are determined partially by the Notch signaling pathway, which controls the switch from neuroendocrine to slight/non-neuroendocrine cell fate. LCNECs are divided into two subgroups according to genomic alterations: type I LCNECs exhibit a neuroendocrine profile characterized by achaete‐scute homolog 1 (ASCL1)high/delta-like protein 3 (DLL3)high/NOTCHlow and type II LCNECs show the pattern ASCL1low/DLL3low/NOTCHhigh. Here, we used immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and digital analysis to examine the role of the Notch ligand DLL3 as an immunomarker of the neuroendocrine state and ASCL1 as a regulator of cell-cell interactions in SCLCs and LCNECs. High DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was associated with atypical submicroscopic characteristics involving nuclear size, chromatin arrangement, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, and was characteristic of type I LCNECs with similarity to SCLCs, whereas low DLL3 and ASCL1 expression was found in both SCLCs and type II LCNECs. In patients diagnosed at an early stage who did not have metastasis and who underwent chemotherapy, DLL3high and ASCL1high SCLCs and type I LCNECs were associated with a better prognosis and a lower risk of death. The present findings suggested that DLL3/ASCL1 are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators in patients with SCLCs or LCNECs.
ABSTRACT
Coprophagous and Xylophagous Coleopterans are equally impacted by the fragmentation of ecosystems and are recognized for their character as indicators of certain ecosystem functions, such as the recycling of organic matter and pollination. Thus, as part of the program to restore degraded ecosystems in protected areas and others sectors of the Bamingui-Bangoran Prefecture in the Central African Republic (CAR), an inventory of insect species according to their ecological profile is needed. Insects were collected over 8 hectares corresponding to 6 different habitats in the Bamingui-Bangoran park. Sixty different traps were installed in each habitat with 100 meters of distance between the traps. The measured parameters are the number of individuals collected per week. As results, 8 coleopteran families (4 Coprophagous families and 4 Xylophagous families) were identified. The Coprophagous and Xylophagous Coleopterans were much abounded in grassy savannahs with much mixing trees with Imperata cylindrica and in grassy and shrubby savannas with many flowering plants (Melliferous) and less abounded in grassy and shrubby savannahs domined by Imperata cylindrica. However, repartitions of individuals fit uniform distribution in all coleopteran families belonging to Xylophagous group whereas in Coprophagous, uniform distribution fit was established only for one family.
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the presence of intensive glycaemic control. Both diabetes and insulin resistance bring about a amalgam of endothelial dysfunction and it will abate the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. In patients with type 2 diabetes both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction appear to lead up to the development of undisguised hyperglycaemia. Hence, in patients with diabetes, endothelial dysfunction may be a censorious early intention for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. For the assessment endothelium- dependent vasodilatation Coronary and peripheral circulations are used. In Ayurveda, endothelial dysfunction can be correlated to Rakthavaha srotho dushti. There are several aetiological factors similar in both Prameha and Rakta dushti. The factors which got vitiated (Dooshya) in Prameha are Mamsa, Meda, Rasa, Rakta, Shukra, Lasika, Vasa, Majja & Oja. Amongst all Meda & Mamsa are main vitiated factors (Dooshya) while Rakta is one of the Dooshya initially. During nourishment, Rakta is nourished prior to Meda & Mamsa. Further it nourishes Meda dhatu too. Endothelial dysfunction is reversible in early stages so that many rasayana drugs mentioned in the Ayurveda can be used here. In the present review briefly outlines some basic concepts of endothelial structure and function, and its dysfunction, relation with diabetes and its Ayurvedic concepts and management.
ABSTRACT
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) are a rare group of diseases caused by uncontrolled proliferation of T cells which belongs to mature T cell lymphoma having indolent nature. Two thirds of the CTCL are comprised of Mycosis Fungoides (MF) and Sezary Syndrome (SS). They are characterized by macules and patches which on later progresses to tumors or nodules with adenopathy and other organ infiltration. If left untreated the risk of developing infection increases with visceral involvement of skin, GI tract, lungs and adrenals. Diagnosis is done by histopathological appearance, cytogenetic analysis, etiology and the functional biology of neoplastic cells. Imaging techniques (MRI and CT) are widely done to assess the staging of disease and other tissue involvement. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and retinoids have been in use since long time, but possess many side effects. According to Ayurveda, CTCL can be caused by Ahara like Virudha, Agantuja bhavas, Beeja-beejabhaga-beejabhagavayava dushti and Ojas/bala hani. The clinical features can be related with Kushta and in later stage simulates Dhatugata kushta and Granthi-arbuda. The etiopathogenesis of CTCL can be considered as formation of Ama, Agnimandhya, Srothovaigunya, and Balahani. Management will be preventive, curative and palliative with Sodhana, Samana and Rasayana therapies
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Turnera sidoides (x=7) is one of the few well-studied South American autopolyploid complexes. Since polyploidy has played a prominent role within this complex, ongoing studies in T. sidoides focus on understanding the mechanisms involved in the origin and the establishment of polyploids using integrative approaches. This paper synthesises the results of more than 20 years of research on this topic. Cytogenetics analysis provided evidences for the production of unreduced male and female gametes, supporting the hypothesis of bilateral sexual polyploidization as the mechanism of origin of polyploids in T. sidoides. The finding of viable triploids suggested that unilateral sexual polyploidization could also be an important mechanism for the origin of tetraploids in T. sidoides. The occurrence of plants continuously forming many unreduced gametes would play a key role in the establishment of neopolyploids in natural populations. Also, the higher number of propagules that tetraploids contribute to subsequent generations, the ability to multiply asexually by rhizomes, and the occurrence of occasional cases of self-compatibility and successful illegitimate crosses in polyploids increase the likelihood that a low frequency of neopolyploids can be maintained in natural populations of T. sidoides. In addition, integration of cytogeographic and genetic divergence data together with past niche modelling provided further insights supporting the hypothesis that historical climatic and geomorphological events provided favourable conditions for the establishment of autopolyploids, with the wider distribution of tetraploids of T. sidoides being the result of their range expansion.
RESUMEN Turnera sidoides (x=7) es uno de los pocos complejos autopoliploides sudamericanos bien estudiados. Como la poliploidía ha tenido un papel destacado en el complejo, los estudios en curso en T. sidoides se centraron en la comprensión de los mecanismos implicados en el origen y el establecimiento de los poliploides mediante diferentes enfoques. En este trabajo se sintetizan los resultados de más de 20 años de investigación sobre este tema. El análisis citogenético proporcionó evidencias de la producción de gametos masculinos y femeninos no reducidos, sustentando la hipótesis de la poliploidización sexual bilateral como mecanismo de origen de los poliploides en T. sidoides. Sin embargo, el hallazgo de triploides fértiles sugirió que la poliploidización sexual unilateral también sería un mecanismo importante de origen de tetraploides en T. sidoides. La ocurrencia de plantas que forman continuamente gametos no reducidos desempeñaría un papel clave en el establecimiento de neopoliploides. Además, el mayor número de propágulos que los tetraploides aportan a las siguientes generaciones, la capacidad de multiplicación asexual por rizomas y los casos ocasionales de autocompatibilidad y cruzamientos ilegítimos exitosos aumentarían la probabilidad de que se mantenga una baja frecuencia de neopoliploides en las poblaciones naturales de T. sidoides. Asimismo, la integración de datos citogeográficos y de divergencia genética junto con el modelado de nicho en el pasado aportó información que sustenta la hipótesis de que los eventos climáticos y geomorfológicos históricos proporcionaron las condiciones favorables para el establecimiento y expansión de los tetraploides de T. sidoides.
ABSTRACT
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver pathology with different clinical prognoses; from the simple accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes (simple steatosis) to more progressive steatosis with associated hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver injury across the world. It is also strongly related to other pathological conditions, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Ayurveda also vividly describes Liver Diseases in the context of Kamala (jaundice) and Yakrit Roga (liver diseases) in different classical texts. It can be interpreted as a Santharpanotha Vyadhi (disease which caused by taking excessive nourishing diet) with vitiation of Kapha and Medas, getting Sthanasamsraya in Yakrit (liver) which is Rakthavaha-srothomoola and Pithasthana (location of body humour Pitha). This review will give a better knowledge of etiopathogenesis, as well as a therapeutic method for managing patients by breaking the pathogenesis chain. In this section, we explore the etiology and consequences of NAFLD, along with the therapeutic treatment to this prevalent condition.
ABSTRACT
Background: Men and women show differences in the distribution of body fat. Women tend to store more fat subcutaneously compared to men. Fat distribution changes in postmenopausal women. Understanding the changes in anthropometry with age and menopausal status is important in the context of deriving population, age, and gender-specific cutoff levels for obesity indices. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted with the objectives of measuring Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR) in South-Indian women and determining the effect of age and menopause on the anthropometric parameters in non-obese and obese women. Materials and Methods: 290 women between the age group of 30 to 70 years participated in this analytical cross-sectional study. Age and menopausal status were recorded. Anthropometric parameters such as weight, height, WC, and hip circumference were measured. Body-mass index, WHR, and WHtR were derived. The data were analyzed to compare mean values of anthropometric parameters between premenopausal and postmenopausal women using unpaired t-test. The difference in anthropometric status was also compared between those with Body mass index (BMI) in the non-obese range and those with BMI in the obese range in relation to menopausal status. Results: A higher proportion of women were classified as having abdominal obesity based on WHtR cutoff compared to classifying using WC cutoff. Postmenopausal women showed higher mean values of all measured anthropometric parameters, but the difference was significant only for WHR. When the study subjects were analyzed based on BMI categories, a significant difference between pre and post-menopausal women was recorded in WHtR values in the non-obese BMI group, but not in the obese BMI group when analyzed by unpaired t-test. Conclusion: Anthropometric parameters show an increasing trend as age advances. There is a difference in mean values of all parameters between pre and post-menopausal women, though statistical significance was seen only for WHR and WHtR in different sub-groups based on BMI. Further studies are needed to decide on the need for separate cutoff values for postmenopausal women.
ABSTRACT
Introduction Proximal humeral fractures are now recognized as an increasingly common fracture, accounting for 4%–5% of all fractures and 45% of all humeral fractures [1,2]. It is the third most common fracture, in people above 65 years of age, after fractures of the hip and distal radius [3]. These fractures have a bimodal distribution occurring either in young people after high energy trauma or in those older than 50 years with low- velocity injuries like simple fall [3]. 85% of these fractures are minimally displaced and are effectively treated with immobilization followed by early motion. The remaining 15% of these are either displaced or unstable. These fare poorly with non-operative treatment and are better treated with surgical intervention. Surgical treatment is necessary especially in young patients and active elderly people in order to prevent minimal dislocations of tuberosity or articular surface from compromising the long-term articular function. This study was planned to evaluate the outcome of proximal humerus fractures managed with PHILOS plate after approval by the Institutional Ethical Board. To evaluate the ef?cacy of PHILOS plate in the treatment of Aims And Objectives proximal humeral fractures and assess its functional outcome. To assess any complications that could arise postoperatively Early rehabilitation of the patient Hospital Based Prospective study. Methods And Materials Study Design: Study Period: October 2019 to September 2022. Study is conducted in Department of Orthopaedics, Andhra Medical College, Study Setup: Visakhapatnam. Patients attending emergency/orthopaedic OP and admitted in department of Study Population: orthopaedics in King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam with proximal humerus fractures and are classi?ed according to Neer's Classi?cation 30 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam Sample Size: with proximal humerus fractures in the above said period. We have included 30 proximal humeral fractures in our Results study. Males dominated and left side is more common than right. Domestic falls are common than road traf?c accidents. 2-part fractures are more common than 3- and 4-part fractures. All of them are treated with PHILOS stable angled plate. Complications like stiffness, screw penetration and super?cial infection occurred in our study which are dealt appropriately. Signi?cantly, we could prevent varus malunion which is notable in our study. Rehabilitation started early with pendulum exercises and could achieve good range of useful movements for most of the cases. Average range of radiological union is 13.5 weeks PHILOS plate, stable, angled construct is used in all our cases and the results evaluation done with . Conclusion Constant Murley score which ranged 54 to 87. Our average score is 67.43 which is in concurrence with few of the studies. The rehabilitation after operation started early with pendulum exercises as soon as the patients compliance within the limits of pain. The range of movements in our study, abduction maximum range obtained is 120 to 150 degrees and forward ?exion 90 to 120 degrees and rotations average score is 7. Though we have few complications like stiffness of shoulder (5), AVN (1), intra- articular screw penetration (1), super?cial infection (1) and subacromial impingement (1), we have dealt with all these complications appropriately. Signi?cantly, varus malunion did not occur in our study
ABSTRACT
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an air-borne infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Among all the incident cases of TB, CNS TB represents approximately 1% with TBM as the most grievous among all. The basic pathology in TBM is the inflammation of the arachnoid membrane, the pia mater and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It typically presents as mild fever, headache, anorexia and general debility that progress over one to two weeks to cause severe headache, fever, vomiting, confusion, meningismus and cranial nerve deficits. The most common complications of TBM include hydrocephalus, optico-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, seizures and stroke. Out of these, tuberculous cerebrovascular disease is a common neurological sequelae. This case study elaborates the treatment line and observations made in a 29 year old male patient who presented with hemiparesis and significant sensory deficit following an event of tuberculous meningitis. MRI brain was suggestive of basilar meningitis, optico-chiasmatic arachnoiditis, infarcts and tuberculoma with chest X-ray revealing increased bronchovascular markings in bilateral lung fields. Initially on admission, Deepana-pachana was done followed by snehapana with Shadpala ghrta and Virechana as Sodhana karma. Abhyanga, Ushma Sweda, Churna pinda sweda and Jambeera pinda sweda were successively done allied with physiotherapy. Yogavasti with Vedanasthapana gana as Kashaya and Kalka was done intervened by Anuvasana vasti. Succeedingly, Murdhni taila prayoga and Marsha nasya were also incorporated with periodical neurological, hematological and biochemical assessment. On discharge, Brahmi kalyanaka ghrta and Brahma Rasayana were advised inclusive of physiotherapy.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To find the intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation changes before and after isotonic collagen cross?linking (CXL) in keratoconus patients. Methods: Thirty?five eyes of 25 patients who underwent isotonic CXL were included. The cases included conventional CXL (n = 16), accelerated CXL (n = 7), contact lens?assisted CXL (CACXL) (n = 9), accelerated CACXL (n = 3). All underwent ocular biometry (IOL master), corneal topography (Orbscan II), and simulated keratometry (Orbscan II) preoperatively and 1?year post CXL. Change in best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length (AL), simulated keratometry (Sim K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and IOL power were analyzed in the overall data and then grouped based on flattening (Group A) and no flattening (Group B) of Sim K value post CXL procedure. Results: For the overall data, there was no significant change in IOL power (P = 0.05) at the end of 1 year, BCVA showed a significant increase (P < 0.01), and Sim K reading showed a statistically significant flattening (P = 0.001); ACD and AL showed insignificant change. In intergroup comparison, there was no statistically significant change in IOL power. However, in Group A, a significant change in BCVA and Sim K values was observed. In both groups (Group A and Group B), IOL power was found to be negatively correlated with AL and Sim K values. Conclusion: Isotonic CXL did not affect IOL power calculation at the end of 1 year. However, significant change in BCVA and sim K reading was noted
ABSTRACT
RESUMO: A Artrogripose Múltipla Congênita (AMC) é uma síndrome rara, que representa um grupo de condições congênitas caracterizado por contraturas articulares em duas ou mais articulações, não progressivas, geralmente simétricas, de etiologia desconhecida e que pode estar associada a outras malformações, como viscerais e neurológicas. Apresenta-mos dois casos isolados com achados característicos de AMC, atendidos em ambulatório de pediatria de alto risco de uma cidade do Oeste do Paraná. Caso 1: lactente, sexo feminino, 14 dias de vida, com redução dos movimentos fetais referidos pela mãe, apresentando malformações envolvendo somente os membros, visualizadas logo após o nasci-mento. Caso 2: lactente, sexo masculino, quatro meses de vida, com diagnóstico de hipocinesia fetal ao ultrassom obstétrico de 23 semanas, ao nascimento apresenta contraturas dos membros e disfunção do sistema nervoso cen-tral. O diagnóstico da artrogripose é complexo e essencialmente clínico, sendo necessária uma anamnese meticulosa, contemplando uma avaliação da gestação, via de parto, história familiar e um exame físico minucioso, classificando quais os tipos de contraturas, membros envolvidos, presença de musculatura alterada e de alterações neurológicas, a fim de diferenciar a AMC das outras síndromes que também cursam com contraturas articulares. O seguimento e tratamento dos lactentes com artrogripose devem ocorrer em acompanhamento multidisciplinar devido às variadas manifestações que a doença pode apresentar e à característica de recidiva ao longo dos anos. (AU)
ABSTRACTArthrogryposis Multiple Congenita (AMC) is a rare syndrome that represents a group of congenital conditions character-ized by joint contractures in two or more joints, non-progressive, usually symmetrical, of unknown etiology and which may be associated with other malformations, such as visceral and neurological. We present two isolated cases with characteristic features of AMC, seen in a high-risk pediatrics outpatient clinic in a city in western Paraná. Case 1: infant, female, 14 days old, with reduced fetal movements reported by the mother, presenting malformations involving only the limbs, seen immediately after birth. Case 2: infant, male, four months old, diagnosed with fetal hypokinesia on 23-week obstetric ultrasound, at birth, presents limb contractures and central nervous system dysfunction. The diagnosis of ar-throgryposis is complex and essentially clinical, requiring a meticulous anamnesis, including an assessment of pregnan-cy, delivery, family history and a thorough physical examination, classifying what types of contractures, involved limbs, presence of altered musculature and neurological changes to differentiate AMC from other syndromes that also have joint contractures. The aftercare and treatment of infants with arthrogryposis must occur in multidisciplinary follow-up due to the varied manifestations that the disease may present and the characteristic of recurrence over the years. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Arthrogryposis , Congenital Abnormalities , Contracture , Extremities , Integrality in Health , ImmobilizationABSTRACT
Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.(AU)
Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Range of Motion, Articular/physiology , Exercise Movement Techniques/veterinary , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Horses/physiology , Musculoskeletal System/anatomy & histology , Electromyography/veterinary , Warm-Up ExerciseABSTRACT
As raças taurinas de origem ibérica Limonero e Carora (Bos primigenius taurus) possuem o fenótipo de pelo curto, liso e com baixa densidade folicular, o que confere a esses animais maior tolerância térmica e melhor produtividade em regiões quentes. Diferentes mutações associadas a esse fenótipo foram descritas no gene do receptor de prolactina PRLR, localizado no cromossomo bovino BTA20. Uma mutação recentemente encontrada é a substituição do nucleotídeo C por T, SNP 39136666 (p. R497*), no exon 11, que gera um códon de parada e, consequentemente, uma menor isoforma desse receptor. Neste trabalho, desenvolveu-se um protocolo rápido e de baixo custo para detecção desse SNP, utilizando-se a técnica de tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. Assim, foi possível detectar essa mutação nas raças brasileiras de origem ibérica localmente adaptadas: Caracu, Crioulo Lageano, Mocho Nacional e Pantaneiro. O alelo T foi mais frequente na raça Caracu (80%), enquanto o alelo C foi mais frequente na raça Crioulo Lageano (84%). Essa simples metodologia pode ser usada para genotipar esse SNP e ajudar na aplicação dessas informações moleculares em programas de melhoramento focados na tolerância térmica em bovinos taurinos e seus mestiços.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Receptors, Prolactin/genetics , DNA Primers/analysis , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Genotyping Techniques/methods , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinaryABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to estimate the components of variance and genetic parameters of test-day milk yield in first lactation Girolando cows, using a random regression model. A total of 126,892 test-day milk yield (TDMY) records of 15,351 first-parity Holstein, Gyr, and Girolando breed cows were used, obtained from the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando. To estimate the components of (co) variance, the additive genetic functions and permanent environmental covariance were estimated by random regression in three functions: Wilmink, Legendre Polynomials (third order) and Linear spline Polynomials (three knots). The Legendre polynomial function showed better fit quality. The genetic and permanent environment variances for TDMY ranged from 2.67 to 5.14 and from 9.31 to 12.04, respectively. Heritability estimates gradually increased from the beginning (0.13) to mid-lactation (0.19). The genetic correlations between the days of the control ranged from 0.37 to 1.00. The correlations of permanent environment followed the same trend as genetic correlations. The use of Legendre polynomials via random regression model can be considered as a good tool for estimating genetic parameters for test-day milk yield records.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos da produção de leite no dia do teste (TDMY) em vacas Girolando de primeira lactação, usando modelo de regressão aleatória. Foram utilizados 126.892 registros de produção de leite no dia controle de 15.351 vacas primíparas das raças Holandesa, Gir e Girolando, obtidas na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando. Para estimar os componentes de (co) variância, as funções genéticas aditivas e de covariância ambiental permanente foram estimadas por regressão aleatória em três funções: Wilmink, polinômios de Legendre (terceira ordem) e polinômios splines lineares (três nós). A função polinomial de Legendre apresentou melhor qualidade de ajuste. As variâncias genéticas e de ambiente permanente para produção de leite no dia do controle variaram de 2,67 a 5,14 e de 9,31 a 12,04, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade aumentaram gradativamente do início (0,13) para o meio da lactação (0,19). As correlações genéticas entre os dias do controle variaram de 0,37 a 1,00. As correlações de ambiente permanente seguiram a mesma tendência das correlações genéticas. A utilização dos polinômios de Legendre via modelos de regressão aleatória pode ser considerada como uma boa ferramenta para estimação de parâmetros genéticos da produção de leite no dia do teste.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Lactation/physiology , Inheritance Patterns , Milk , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
As vantagens dos animais transgênicos têm sido demonstradas em diferentes aplicações, entretanto muitas metodologias usadas para gerar animais geneticamente modificados (GM) apresentam baixas taxas de eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a entrega dos vetores lentivirais (VLs) em zigotos durante a fertilização in vitro (FIV), para gerar embriões GM, com o gene da proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) ou do fator IX de coagulação humana (FIX). Vetores lentivirais com os genes GFP (pLGW-GFP-LV) ou FIX (pLWE2-FIX-LV) foram utilizados na FIV ou na cultura de embriões in vitro (CIV). A coincubação de pLWE2-FIX-LV com espermatozoides e complexos oócitos-células do cumulus (COCs) durante a FIV diminuiu (P<0,05) as taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos, enquanto com pLGW-GFP-LV diminuiu (P<0,05) a taxa de blastocisto quando se comparou ao controle sem VL. A coincubação de pLWE2-FIX-LV e pLGW-GFP-LV com presumíveis zigotos durante a CIV não afetou (P>0,05) o desenvolvimento embrionário. A expressão da proteína GFP não foi detectada em embriões após a coincubação de FIV ou CIV, embora as células do cumulus expressassem a proteína até o dia oito de cultivo in vitro. Reações em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) não detectaram os genes GFP ou FIX em embriões, mas ambos foram detectados em células do cumulus. Assim, a coincubação de VL com espermatozoide bovino e COCs não é eficaz para produzir embriões geneticamente modificados por meio de FIV.(AU)